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CartBovine IL-2 (Yeast-derived Recombinant Protein) - 5 micrograms
Bulk quantities of proteins are available. Please contact us for pricing.
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine produced by T-helper cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. It is required for T-cell proliferation and other activities crucial to the regulation of the immune response. IL-2 was discovered to be a member of a family of cytokines, which also includes IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. IL-2 signals through a receptor complex consisting of IL-2 specific IL-2 receptor alpha (CD25), IL-2 receptor beta (CD122) and a common gamma chain (γc). All members of this family use the common gamma chain as part of their signaling complex.
Alternate Names - IL2, IL-2, TCGF, lymphokine, interleukin 2
IL-2 Homology Across Species
Bos taurus (cattle) IL-2 – 100%
Bison bison bison (bison) IL-2 – 100%
Bos indicus (zebu) IL-2 – 100%
Bos mutus (wild yak) IL-2 – 100%
Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo) IL-2 – 100%
Ovis aries (sheep) IL-2 – 99%
Syncerus caffer (African buffalo) IL-2 – 99%
Bos grunniens (domestic yak) IL-2 – 98%
Pantholops hodgsonii (chiru) IL-2 – 96%
Capra hircus (goat) IL-2 – 96%
More - https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Lactation stage impacts the glycolytic function of bovine CD4+ T cells during ex vivo activation.
Eder JM, Gorden PJ, Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RE.
Sci Rep. 2020 Mar 4;10(1):4045. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60691-2.
Applications: Measurement of bovine TNF alpha, IL-2, and IFN gamma in culture supernatants by ELISA
Abstract
Dairy cattle undergo dynamic physiological changes over the course of a full lactation into the dry period, which impacts their immunocompetence. During activation, T cells undergo a characteristic rewiring to increase the uptake of glucose and metabolically reprogram to favor aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation. To date it remains to be completely elucidated how the altered energetic demands associated with lactation in dairy cows impacts T cell metabolic reprogramming. Thus, in our ex vivo studies we have examined the influence of stage of lactation (early lactation into the dry period) on cellular metabolism in activated bovine CD4+ T cells. Results showed higher rates of glycolytic function in activated CD4+ T cells from late lactation and dry cows compared to cells from early and mid-lactation cows. Similarly, protein and mRNA expression of cytokines were higher in CD4+ T cells from dry cows than CD4+ T cells from lactating cows. The data suggest CD4+ T cells from lactating cows have an altered metabolic responsiveness that could impact the immunocompetence of these animals, particularly those in early lactation, and increase their susceptibility to infection.
The chronic stages of bovine Fasciola hepatica are dominated by CD4 T-cell exhaustion
Sachdev D, Gough KC, Flynn RJ.
J Immunol. 2014 Jul 15;193(2):597-609
Applications: Bovine IL-2 was used to stimulate cells. Bovine IL-2 and IL-13 were measure in cell culture supernatants by ELISA.
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica infection of ruminants leads to non-resolving chronic infection, as patency develops, there is switching to a TGF-β and IL-10 led response. Here, we explore the responses of CD4 T-cells within the major draining lymph nodes. We found minimal expression of Foxp3 within CD4 cells but elevated levels within the γδ (WC1+) population. There is a strong T-cell-intrinsic exhaustion phenotype within the hepatic lymph node (HLN) characterized by a lack of antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine secretion. CD4 T-cells recovered from the HLN had high levels of PD-1 expression and low levels of IL-2 secretion. Exogenous IL-2 partially rescued this defect; when combined with neutralization of IL-10 and TGF-β, full restoration of proliferation, and cytokine production was achieved. Moreover, there is a clear uncoupling of the mechanisms that facilitate this regulation with parasite-specific proliferation and cytokine secretion being governed by independent means. These data would suggest that there is a CD4 T-cell-intrinsic regulation in place early in chronic infection, potentially leading to failure in resistance to reinfection.
Bovine leukemia virus reduces anti-viral cytokine activities and NK cytotoxicity by inducing TGF-β secretion from regulatory T cells.
Ohira K, Nakahara A, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Nishimori A, Maekawa N, Ikebuchi R, Kohara J, Murata S, Ohashi K.
Immun Inflamm Dis. 2016 Jan 18;4(1):52-63. doi: 10.1002/iid3.93. eCollection 2016 Mar.
Applications: IL-2 was used to to stimulate several different cell types; TNF alpha was measured in cell culture supernatants by ELISA
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T cells suppress excess immune responses that lead to autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases, and maintain host immune homeostasis. However, CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T cells reportedly contribute to disease progression by over suppressing immune responses in some chronic infections. In this study, kinetic and functional analyses of CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T cells were performed in cattle with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infections, which have reported immunosuppressive characteristics. In initial experiments, production of the Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α was reduced in BLV-infected cattle compared with uninfected cattle, and numbers of IFN-γ or TNF-α producing CD4(+) T cells decreased with disease progression. In contrast, IFN-γ production by NK cells was inversely correlated with BLV proviral loads in infected cattle. Additionally, during persistent lymphocytosis disease stages, NK cytotoxicity was depressed as indicated by low expression of the cytolytic protein perforin. Concomitantly, total CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T cell numbers and percentages of TGF-β(+) cells were increased, suggesting that TGF-β plays a role in the functional declines of CD4(+) T cells and NK cells. In further experiments, recombinant bovine TGF-β suppressed IFN-γ and TNF-α production by CD4(+) T cells and NK cytotoxicity in cultured cells. These data suggest that TGF-β from CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T cells is immunosuppressive and contributes to disease progression and the development of opportunistic infections during BLV infection.
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